Una vita in Africa – A life in Africa Rotating Header Image

September, 2016:

Non è il nostro gioco

L’utopia di Assisi e la realtà dell’Africa in un dialogo con alcuni giovani keniani.

A Nairobi le parole di papa Francesco arrivano affievolite dalla distanza, dal filtro dei mass media, dalla lingua. Ho invitato un gruppo di giovani a leggere insieme il discorso del papa ad Assisi, in inglese. Tre sono i passaggi che più hanno attirato la loro attenzione. Quello che richiama alla responsabilità per tutti i cristiani di partecipare, immergersi, nei drammi del nostro tempo.
“La nostra strada è quella di immergerci nelle situazioni e dare il primo posto a chi soffre; di assumere i conflitti e sanarli dal di dentro; di percorrere con coerenza vie di bene, respingendo le scorciatoie del male; di intraprendere pazientemente, con l’aiuto di Dio e con la buona volontà, processi di pace”.
Poi la richiesta creare una cultura dell’incontro.
“Pace significa Educazione: una chiamata ad imparare ogni giorno la difficile arte della comunione, ad acquisire la cultura dell’incontro, purificando la coscienza da ogni tentazione di violenza e di irrigidimento, contrarie al nome di Dio e alla dignità dell’uomo”.
E infine la constatazione che è necessario vivere insieme.
“l nostro futuro è vivere insieme. Per questo siamo chiamati a liberarci dai pesanti fardelli della diffidenza, dei fondamentalismi e dell’odio. I credenti siano artigiani di pace nell’invocazione a Dio e nell’azione per l’uomo!”
Non tutte le razioni sono positive. “Impossibile, sono utopie” dice Kioko, vent’anni, studente d’informatica. Invece Karen, studentessa in procinto di terminare un diploma in sviluppo comunitario, ha una domanda: “Ma la chiesa ha sempre insegnato queste cose? Io frequento la mia parrocchia e non me ne ero mai accorta!”. Mi sento parte in causa, anche se non sono il suo parroco, e dico che forse ne hanno parlato in modo generico, e il discorso per l’impegno per la pace era implicito. Ma devo ammettere che la sua osservazione non mi meraviglia, la dottrina sociale della chiesa non è un argomento frequente dai pulpiti di Nairobi.
Superate le obiezioni ci siamo guardati intorno per capire come vivere le parole del papa, e quale potrebbe essere una nuova dimensione dell’impegno cristiano in Africa. A parte le conclusioni riguardanti l’impegno personale e di gruppo, sono emerse delle osservazioni che fanno capire come i giovani di Nairobi siano attenti a quanto sta succedendo in Africa.
Quasi tutti convengono che in Kenya sta prendendo forza l’idea di superare il tribalismo, o l’”etnicitismo negativo” come si deve dire per essere “politically correct”, e di parlare in termini di unità nazionale. Ma questo viene anche usato per demonizzare gli avversari, come abbiamo visto con Jubilee, il partito dell’attuale presidente Uhuru Kenyatta, che si sta consolidando al di fuori delle zone tradizionali di influenza. C’è però il timore per una politica che al di là della grandi parole sbandierate, sta diventando sempre più uno spettacolo. La recente assemblea fondativa si è svolta sul modello delle convention del partiti americani, con scenografie accuratamente preparate e dirette televisive non-stop. E’ un modo di far politica che non aiuta la partecipazione vera e il dibattito sulle idee e i programmi. Nasconde una voglia, di egemonia, di totalitarismo, come quella che si è manifestata, in modi diversi durante e dopo le recente elezioni in Gabon e in Zambia. Chi è il potere non accetta di perdere, ed è pronto senza esitazione e ricorrere alla violenza delle armi, come in Gabon, o al controllo dei mass media, come è successo in Zambia. Anche in Zambia il partito al potere ha vinto perché è riuscito a dipingere l’opposizione come tribalista e potenzialmente pericolosa per l’unità dal paese. La Somalia è un disastro incomprensibile. Peggio ancora il Sud Sudan, dove i due principali leader, Salva Kiir e Riek Machar per fidelizzare i propri sostenitori hanno fomentato il peggior tribalismo immaginabile, più o meno apertamente approvando i massacri fatti nel loro nome, creando di conseguenza una situazione dove oggi sembra impossibile una riconciliazione interna, se non fra qualche generazione. Forse solo la Tanzania sembra quietamente e sicuramente muoversi in una direzione diversa, con una crescita di un sentimento di unità che non appiattisce le differenze e le particolarità delle diverse componenti etniche. E la corruzione? Endemica ovunque, in Kenya in particolare ha raggiunto proporzioni che nessuno sembra in grado di controllare. Le chiese, incapaci di comunicare con i giovani urbanizzati, che fanno tanta fatica a dialogare fra di loro e con l’Islam. Il quadro che i giovani vedono intorno a loro non è incoraggiante. Kevin, venticinquenne giocatore di calcio quasi professionista (un paio di centinaia di euro al mese fra contanti e pasti) e anche grande lettore delle pagine di analisti politica dei quotidiani nazionali, conclude la carrellata che è durata oltre mezzora, con “Non abbiamo ancora imparato a giocare il gioco della democrazia con le regole che sono state inventate dagli altri. Non è il nostro gioco, e anche gli allenatori e gli arbitri non sono dei nostri. Rimettiamo noi giovani la palla al centro e riproviamo”.
In questo contesto è possibile parlare di impegno cristiano, di cultura dell’incontro, di vivere insieme di essere artigiani di pace? Non solo è possibile, è doveroso, acconsentono tutti. Ma non è facile.
Cito Bernhard Haring teologo morale che già nel 1995 diceva che da oltre vent’anni (quaranta da oggi!) ci sono voci che auspicano l’avvento di un’autentica comunità mondiale nella quale siano riconosciuti la dignità di ciascuno e nella quale ogni nazione capisca di non poter pensare al proprio bene senza interessarsi al benessere di tutti. Pur con l’avvertimento che non appena pensiamo a strutture mondiali efficaci indietreggiamo per paura “della bestia che sale dall’Abisso” (Apocalisse 11,7) temendo l’instaurazione di una tirannia universale. Haring sosteneva che il rimedio non sta nel rifugiarsi negli individualismi e nazionalismi ma nell’attuare progressivamente strutture che favoriscano partecipazione e responsabilità. Poi cito un messaggio di Paolo VI, il quale nel 1971 diceva “Tutti gli uomini nascono liberi a uguali nella dignità e nei diritti, essi sono dotati di ragione e di conoscenza e devono comportarsi gli uni verso gli altri come fratelli, Non torniamo indietro, diamo applicazione logica e coraggiosa a questa formula: ogni uomo è mio fratello”.
Solidarietà, pace, fratellanza universale. Stava sognando Paolo Vi quando pronunciava questo messaggio? O è questo l’orizzonte della storia nonostante tutte le presenti difficoltà?
Karen è persa nei suoi pensieri. Poi sbotta con una frase che diventa la conclusione dell’incontro: “Vorrei essere capace di contribuire a realizzare l’utopia di Paolo VI e di papa Francesco. Il nostro futuro non deve essere lasciato in mani a uomini – e sottolinea con forza uomini – come Salva Kiir e Riek Machar”.

The old/new mission – La “missione liquida”

The “liquid mission” is the same mission of old: do not make your plans, trust Jesus and follow Him. Walk with the excluded, the poor, and you shall discover, step after step, where He wants you to go. He is ahead, He waits for us in ‘Galilee’

The old missionaries that I knew when I was young, many years ago, used to say that departures to the mission—and the last embraces with relatives and friends—became more difficult as they grew older. Every time could be the last time. Their departures were few, the first time in general when they were in their early twenties, followed by a long stay in Africa, then maybe a second departure, and when there was a third was almost certainly the last. The travel from Europe to Sudan or Uganda lasted weeks and weeks, was dangerous and expensive.

As a novice, I was asked to accompany home a Comboni Sister who had left Italy in 1938. It was 1964, and I saw the then elderly nun burst into tears because she was not any longer able to locate neither the street and the house where she had grown up nor the stream where she used to play as a child. The stream had been covered by a large paved road. At the end, I had to call her relatives to come and collect her at the railway station. I realized that the returns could be even more painful than the departures.

If you asked these missionaries why they had left their home and went far away to announce the Gospel, you were given motivations that today make us smile, and seem simplistic and childish: saving souls; baptise, and send to heaven even a single dying person; bring the light of the Gospel; heal the sick children. If you deepened the exchange, you understood that the basic motivation was authentically evangelical: love for God and love of neighbour. If you had the patience to continue to listen to their endless stories, you could understand that they were deeply rooted in a spirit of service and sacrifice. They were ready for anything, up to the giving up of their lives, for the persons to whom they were sent and with whom they had entered into communion of life.

Today, the departures have multiplied and the reasons have become more sophisticated. Missionaries go and come back at least every three years, sometimes even more often. Three months of vacation, and then off, almost incognito. You are lucky if the parishes and the dioceses of origin show some sign of interest. A Dutch missionary told me: “I come from a large family, with eight children, now my seven brothers and sisters have a total of five children. The grandchildren are just three. No one is a practising Catholic. Worse, there is not even the sense of being a family. When I go on vacation I feel an alien in my country of origin.”

Secularization and globalization have cancelled the geographical dimension of the mission. The motivations are increasingly sophisticated—elaborated in seminars, meetings and workshops with avant-garde theologians. Still, the number of European missionaries is fast collapsing, and some missionary congregations, like the Bethlehem Missionaries based in Switzerland, are about to be extinct. The commitment of the very few new missionaries is not enough to revive the institutions. Of course, even today there are those who are willing to give their lives to the end for the proclamation of the Kingdom of God, as we are reminded every year by the list of women and men killed as serving as missionaries.

The “new mission” is a new challenge, not necessarily a physical border, and begins in the very heart of the same missionary, extending to the whole world. It is based on the awareness of the need of your own conversion before that of others.

The liquid mission. Some speak of “liquid mission” in analogy to the concept of “liquid society” by Zygmunt Bauman. According to Baumann, we live in a situation of crisis of traditional communities; community values plummeted, and, lacking a point of reference, everything dissolves into a kind of liquidity. Individual salvation is found in “appearing” and “consuming”. You must be seen, and you must consume, in order to be recognized as a person. An unbridled individualism becomes the core value of the society. There are no longer travelling companions, but rivals to be opposed and defeated. If you do not appear, you do not exist. If you do not consume, you do not have any value. What could be more distant from the Gospel values?

To be a missionary in this “liquid society” is a new, difficult, sometime scary situation. Instead of taking advantage of the new opportunities we can get afraid about the possible risks and we could close up in our mental castles, be on the defensive. The motivations become deeper, often take a personal colouring. To the extent of becoming un-graspable, evanescent, sometimes the person himself cannot explain them… The centrality of Jesus the Lord is encrusted by different elements. Liquidity by its nature tends to make everything level, flattens everything on the lowest common denominator. No surprise if the mission of the Church becomes more and more similar to the worthy activity of a humanitarian NGO, as has repeatedly noted Pope Francis.

Yet, now is the time when Pope Francis calls the Church to “go out”, to be a missionary Church. To put at the centre of her proclamation the Gospel of mercy, a God who is a merciful Father, as proclaimed by Jesus. It is a call certainly understood and shared by the missionaries. The institutions, however, have more trouble than individuals to understand and practice the direction given by the pope. Institutions, even if religious institutions with eminently missionary vocation, by their very nature tend to stability, preservation. They tend to follow the logic of hierarchy, control, power. They have difficulty to live by the values of openness, freedom, enthusiasm, risk. An individual can decide on his own to go on a risky mission, and institution, especially an institution that feels threatened by the world, would establish a commission to study all the possible options, and subscribe to an insurance… We have seen this in Europe where missionary institutes are struggling to implement Pope Francis exhortations, and rather prefer to live in a status of peaceful continuity, of security, rather than making available their potential and their home to answer Pope Francis call to mobilize at the service of the migrants.

Audacious as a child. It is hard nowadays to be adventurous and audacious as the missionaries of old. I heard as a child the story of father Giovanni Mazzucconi, a young missionary from my home-town, who was killed in Papua New Guinea, almost exactly the other side of the world, in 1855. It was a story full of adventures, exotic places, people with strange traditions, a story of sacrifices, love and dedication to God. All ingredients able to fire up the imagination of a child. Today, there are no new continents to be explored, peoples not reached by the message of the Gospel live in countries and places where my home-town friends go for business and holidays. The discriminations, injustices, wars they suffer are everyday brought to us by the news and they have become so commonplace that we do not care. We still can go in a war zone—too many of them in Africa—we can go and bring comfort to a Christian community far away and isolated, we can face hunger, disease, danger of all sorts. But all the romantic appeal of the old missionaries’ stories is gone. The heroic missionary opening up an entire land to the Gospel is no more, and we haven’t found any substitute. The new frontiers are dry and septic, and they frighten us more than the deserts, the jungles and the oceans.

Last year, we saw the Italian missionary institutes close down MISNA, the only European news missionary agency who provided world news in four languages. It had a missionary perspective: the Gospel seen in action in the justice, peace, reconciliation, ecological activities going on around the world. A solid presentation and interpretation of the facts. Its closure—taken at the highest levels of the Italian missionary institutes—baffled many missionaries as well as journalists. Closing a highly respected news agency just months after the publication of Laudato Si’, is the most absurd thing that can be done by people who are called to be announcers of the Good News. Improve it, transform it according to the needs and new technologies, yes, but close without proposing alternatives? The high seas of communication are scary.

The communication challenge. It is true that the frontier missionaries do not feel at ease in the mass media world. Those who lives by the Gospel and communicate their faith through the gestures of everyday life, nurturing deep human relations with their communities, feel out of place in preparing press statements and appearing in television programs. They have a deep distrust of a world where the most important thing is “to appear”, they do not feel much empathy with the “TV missionaries” who are rarely seen in the field. They share the spiritual attitude of John the Baptist, wishing to disappear so that Jesus can grow, and to appear in a TV program seem to them a useless vanity. Often when these missionaries are made known by the media they feel inadequate, even soiled by contact with that world.

Yet the missionaries should not stop in the face of risks. “I dream of a missionary option that transforms all things” (Evangelii Gaudium, 27) wrote Pope Francis. This idea constantly returns in all his speeches, it is the soil in which his words and all his actions are rooted. For Francis “going out”—of which the missionary was until recently the clearest icon—is not one of the many activities, but the very breath of life of the Church.

Of this missionary option capable of transforming all things there are few signs in the official documents of the missionary institutes. Their recent General Chapters held after Pope Francis had already made very clear his vision for a Church open to the world and at the service of the poor, have interpreted his words as pious exhortations rather than as indication of concrete changes that must take place. Yes, they keep talking as they had done in the last four of five decades of peace, justice, ecology, refugees, immigrants. In everyday life, the most important concerns remain the relations with the bishops, the decline in donations, and, at least in Europe, the property management…

The “new” aged badly. An old missionary, one of those who have spent all of their life in Africa told me: “From the days of my ordination, I hear speaking about a ‘new mission’. Yet, when I arrived in the middle of nowhere in Africa in 1969, I found a superior who was the embodiment of the old mission. But he loved the people and he loved me, in spite of what he considered my mistakes. And that is the whole Gospel, isn’t it? I’ve always respected him, and tried to learn from him the many positive lessons he had to give. Then I read books, articles, papers to keep updated. The ‘new mission’ remained a mystery. So many words and little or no new substance. In the Evangelii Nuntiandi, in 1975, Pope Paul VI said everything there was to say, and even today it is the reference on how to put the Second Vatican Council into practice. Nothing changed. In Rome, the Vatican II was quickly forgotten. When I proposed new initiatives the provincial superiors blocked me. ‘New mission’ became an old joke! Then here he comes, Pope Francis. Everything he says and does is at the same time very old and very new. It has the perfume of the Gospel. I confess that I find it hard to follow him, even if I am a few years younger than him. He is the pope I was dreaming for when I left for Africa. Now, I have less strength, maybe even less enthusiasm. Many fellow missionaries of my age are not able to keep up his pace and grumble. To regain the enthusiasm, I reread the lives of the first Comboni Missionaries, not because I regret the disappearance of that world. I would simply like to recharge my spirit with the faith with which they faced difficulties that seemed insurmountable. Instead, I lose my heart when I hear young confrères worrying about the future. Missionaries who program the time of retirement? We really deserve to disappear; we are no longer salt of the earth!”

When I point out that it was not all so beautiful, that in the past there were inabilities or unwillingness to understand the modern world, rigid attitudes and complete closures, just think of the clash with the Muslim world experienced as hostile, and the difficult relationship with local cultures often deemed inadequate or unable to receive the Gospel, he goes on saying: “But they went, they took risks! Now that Pope Francis invites us to go out, because it is better to go out rather than suffocating in our safe homes, we seem paralysed, unable to think big… We are frightened of the audacity of the pope, we prefer to walk in safe grounds… or maybe we are also waiting for the ‘cyclone Francis’ to pass and return to our quiet routine?”

These memories of meetings, fragments of life, contradictory reflections come to my mind while I’m yet again on the move. Another departure, moving to a new context. Shall I program new initiatives? It will take efforts, sweat and tears before they become concrete initiatives. Or failures.

Again on the move. Why, what for? What was initiated needs time to germinate, the seedling need more time to grow. There are first of all the people with whom I’ve walked together, and while now my pace slows down they are ready to encourage me. The street children and boys and girls in Nairobi and Lusaka, the Nuba entangled in a never ending struggle, the refugees, the peacemakers… Will I have enough time to do anything at all?

I could think of “going out” to new suburbs, but where? Maybe, I could organize a group of youngster and go around with them proclaiming joy and peace… Crazy! Maybe better not to try, simply better to remain vigilant and recognize the new when it comes to visit.

Actions instead of words. At the Nairobi airport lounge where I am waiting for the connection to Zambia an elderly woman approaches me. Simple dress, gentle smile: “Father Kizito, can I steal a few minutes?” she asks me and then introduces herself. She is from Peru, a nun in a local religious congregation, her name is Rosa, as the most popular saint of her country. She works with street children in Lima and is on her way back from the second visit to her younger sister, also a nun, who works in another African country, a nurse at a clinic in the bush. Both have studied in Rome, and since that time have been avid readers of all missionary publications, including Nigrizia. She wants to talk about Africa, and I cannot stop her. She tells me of her first visit to her sister, four years ago. “I went to see her because she was in crisis. I wanted to find out why. The first impact was extraordinary. I was impressed by the dedication of many people, hospital staff and pastoral agents of all levels. I saw an extraordinary spiritual beauty in the people, the simple villagers. But I got the impression that the structures of the Church are still an external body. People do not own the Church. The Church is perceived as a structure living to another level, with another way of reasoning, too linked to power and wealth. My sister even though working in daily physical contact with the poor had been in crisis because she felt she was considered like the officer of an institution. We talked together, how to change? Now I’m coming back from the second trip. I thought Pope Francis had caused a change, yet I noticed even more fatigue, resistance to change, grumbling, isolation.” Sister Rose’s Latin American soul comes out: “Of course people work with a lot of faith. But there is no admission of mistakes, of the weakness of the Church, no real community work, no human growth to match the Christian instruction, no political awareness. I love this Church, it is my Church, we have to answer the call of Francis to renew her with love and commitment. With my sister, I realized that we need to strengthen our spirituality, not the one made of memorized prayers from old devotional books, one that is born of shared life. The action, even the wrong action, if done in good faith is more important than the words. Social changes are coming fast, the kind world of the village tradition can disappear faster than expected, Nairobi is already a very bad imitation of the worse capitalistic world. I see Africa moving fast towards economic wealth and losing her soul. We must be ready to change, be opened to the action of the Spirit, or we fail our mission of announcing the Jesus, the Lord of History!”

Trusting and following Jesus. Sister Rosa has realized that her fervent homily has attracted the attention of some other passengers in the lounge, and lowers her voice “As I grow older, I have learned to trust more Jesus and His Spirit and less myself. When I am rooted in Jesus, I can withstand all the disappointments, all the misunderstandings, all the betrayals. The only certainty comes from following Him.”

The PA system of the airport calls her flight. Without knowing she has answered the questions I had in my heart; Sister Rosa greets and leaves. The “liquid mission” is the same mission of old: do not make your plans, trust Jesus and follow Him. Walk with the excluded, the poor, and you shall discover, step after step, where He wants you to go. He is ahead, He waits for us in ‘Galilee’.

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