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January, 2011:

Sudan: i Nuba e l’Imminente Indipendenza del Sud

Nelle scorse settimane l’attenzione internazionale è stata richiamata dal referendum sull’indipendenza del Sud Sudan, un voto storico che corona l’Accordo di pace globale (CPA) firmato nel 2005 dal governo centrale del Sudan e dall’Esercito di liberazione popolare del Sudan/Movimento (SPLM/A) per mettere fine a una lunga guerra civile che ha causato oltre due milioni di morti.
Dai primi risultati sembrerebbe che i sud sudanesi abbiano scelto di separarsi formando un nuovo Stato. Le immagini dei sud sudanesi euforici perché si lasciano finalmente alle spalle un passato di sangue sono state ampiamente diffuse da giornali e televisioni, ma in tutta questa copertura mediatica emerge un vuoto eclatante: la sorte delle popolazioni dei Monti Nuba, una regione schiacciata tra il Nord e il Sud Sudan, che durante la guerra civile ha combattuto dalla parte del Sud.
L’ex presidente dell’SPLM, John Garang, si recò per la prima volta in visita sui Monti Nuba nel dicembre 2002. Incontrò centinaia di delegati all’ombra di un bosco di manghi a Kauda, cittadina nel cuore delle zone liberate dallo SPLA. Motivo della sua visita era partecipare alla All Nuba Conference (Conferenza di tutti i Nuba), istituzione politica democratica unica dei Monti Nuba durante la guerra civile, costituita dai rappresentanti di tutte le comunità Nuba e delle tribù arabe nomadi allo scopo di deliberare su questioni riguardanti la sopravvivenza del popolo Nuba. Yusuf Kuwa, il carismatico leader dei Nuba e alto comandante dello SPLA, aveva convocato per la prima volta la All Nuba Conference nel 1991, dopo che il regime di Khartoum aveva scatenato una repressione senza pietà e una jihad contro i Nuba. Kuwa chiese ai Nuba se volevano continuare la loro rivolta o arrendersi. La risposta collettiva fu a favore della continuazione della ribellione contro Khartoum.
Fu una decisione senza ritorno. Da allora i Nuba hanno appoggiato pienamente lo SPLA e vissuto anni di reinsediamenti coatti, distruzioni, bombardamenti, uccisioni, senza mai vacillare nella loro determinazione di stare con il Sud.
Davanti a quei delegati a Kauda, Garang promise che «lo SPLA non vi deluderà. Qualsiasi accordo raggiungeremo… includerà anche voi». Fu solennemente promesso ai Nuba che sarebbero stati presi in considerazione nell’accordo di pace che si stava allora negoziando a Naivasha. Due giorni dopo le parole di Garang, presi nota del commento di Adam, un vecchio amico Nuba che era rimasto nella sua terra a Kauda: «Ora siamo sicuri. Garang ha parlato. Staremo con il Sud».
Non sarebbe stato così. La promessa solenne non è stata mantenuta. I Nuba – che avevano dato mandato allo SPLA di garantire che durante i negoziati sarebbero stati rispettati i principi di autodeterminazione, equa distribuzione del potere, delle ricchezze e soprattutto della terra e che il loro destino sarebbe stato strettamente legato a quello del Sud – sarebbero andati incontro a un’amara delusione. Quando l’Accordo globale di pace (CPA) fu finalmente firmato a Nairobi, i Nuba scoprirono che non avevano nemmeno ottenuto il diritto di partecipare al referendum sull’indipendenza. Con il CPA, lo SPLA/M accettò il principio che i Monti Nuba, ufficialmente parte dello Stato del Kordofan meridionale, sarebbe rimasto al Nord. La stessa sorte fu decisa per la popolazione del Nilo azzurro meridionale, un altro territorio conteso vicino al confine del Sudan con l’Etiopia. I due territori hanno condiviso la sofferenza degli anni di guerra civile ma sono ora esclusi dal risultato dell’autodeterminazione. È soltanto ad Abyei – piccola area di confine che non ha mostrato alcuna particolare volontà di combattere con il Sud durante la guerra civile – che alla popolazione è stato garantito il diritto di scegliere a chi vuole appartenere. Ma la gente di Abyei gode anche di un vantaggio particolare: la loro terra è ricca di riserve petrolifere.
I Nuba sono la prima popolazione etnicamente e culturalmente africana che si incontra viaggiando verso sud da Khartoum. La loro posizione geografica (con un deserto al Nord e le paludi al Sud) li ha sempre mantenuti isolati e, nei secoli, la loro determinazione a restare ancorati alla propria cultura e religione ancestrale è stato un ostacolo alla diffusione della cultura araba e musulmana nella zona attualmente conosciuta come Sud Sudan. Soltanto all’inizio del secolo scorso sono avvenute alcune irruzioni/incursioni. Tuttavia, fu nei Monti Nuba che, già nel 1965, un prete anglicano Nuba, Philip Ghabbush, formò l’Unione Generale dei Monti Nuba (GUN) e avviò la campagna per l’autodeterminazione.
Alla fine degli anni Ottanta, la leadership dei Nuba passò a Yusuf Kuwa, un uomo più giovane e carismatico, nato in una famiglia musulmana. Dopo diversi tentativi falliti di ottenere una garanzia politica per il riconoscimento dei diritti Nuba – soprattutto il diritto alle terre strappate ai Nuba e assegnate a società e gente di Khartoum per avviare «fattorie meccanizzate» – Kuwa si unì allo SPLM/A nella lotta armata e diventò il punto di riferimento per tutti i Nuba.
Ne derivò una brutale repressione governativa, che rimase inosservata e incontrastata per oltre un decennio. Con l’attenzione internazionale puntata sul conflitto nel Sudan meridionale, Khartoum isolò la regione dal 1991 al 1995. Dal 1991, i Nuba, tagliati fuori perfino dallo SPLA del Sud, combatterono da soli senza rifornimenti, dipendendo unicamente dal supporto locale. Tuttavia, con la leadership di Kuwa e nel bel mezzo di una carestia di tre anni, istituirono un’amministrazione civile operativa e un sistema giudiziario che integrava la legge tradizionale. Kuwa sostenne fermamente la tolleranza religiosa e sotto la sua leadership i Nuba non hanno mai conosciuto i conflitti intertribali che hanno invece sconvolto lo SPLA in altre zone del Sud. Ma tutti questi risultati non hanno sempre giocato a favore di Kuwa. Molti leader del Sud erano chiaramente infastiditi dalla crescente popolarità che aveva raggiunto prima di morire nel marzo 2001.
Al suo culmine, la guerra civile sui Monti Nuba non fu un semplice conflitto per sconfiggere i ribelli che avevano importato la ribellione dello SPLA dal Sud “Africano” al Nord “Arabo”. Come ha osservato Julie Flint, giornalista inglese e prima outsider a visitare i Nuba nel 1995, «si è trattato di un programma di ingegneria sociale per spostare l’intera popolazione dalle aree in rivolta in campi che avrebbero cancellato l’identità Nuba. Agli inizi degli anni Novanta, l’esercito e le milizie paramilitari delle Forze di difesa popolare (PDF) hanno ucciso tra i 60 e i 70 mila Nuba in appena sette mesi. Massicce offensive militari sono state condotte nel nome della jihad. È stato negato l’accesso agli aiuti umanitari. Leader di comunità, gente istruita e intellettuali sono stati arrestati e uccisi per fare in modo che i Nuba non avessero più voce per denunciare la loro situazione».
Migliaia di giovani Nuba sono partiti per il Sud, mettendo a rischio la propria vita, per combattere nelle forze dello SPLA. Il loro contributo al lungo conflitto in corso non è sempre stato pienamente riconosciuto. Ora, con l’imminente proclamazione dell’indipendenza del Sud, i Nuba si ritroveranno isolati nel Nord Sudan, sotto un governo che appena pochi anni fa intraprese azioni genocide contro di loro e potrebbero non ricevere alcun aiuto dal Sud. «Ancora una volta – mi racconta uno sconsolato Nuba – siamo stati trattati come merce di scambio nel confronto tra Juba e Khartoum». La prospettiva che il presidente del Nord Sudan possa diventare ancora più intollerante in campo religioso fino al punto di applicare la sharia non è un buon auspicio per un futuro democratico e rappresenta una grave minaccia per le decine di migliaia di Nuba convertiti al cristianesimo. Anche i resoconti degli spostamenti militari non sono positivi: fonti molto attendibili riportano che la presenza militare nel Kordofan meridionale è aumentata con truppe pesanti passate da 15 a 45 mila uomini, la maggior parte dei quali dislocati lungo la linea di confine della parte più meridionale dei Monti Nuba – e dello Stato del Nord – con il Sud.
Oggi, mentre i Nuba si uniscono ai loro fratelli e sorelle dei Sud nel celebrare la nascita di una nuova nazione, il loro destino è molto incerto. Un rapporto del 2008 del Gruppo internazionale di crisi ha parlato dei Monti Nuba come del «prossimo Darfur», a causa della loro marginalizzazione, dell’incertezza politica e della potenzialità di scoppio di un conflitto. Quello che il CPA prevede per i Nuba e per l’area del Nilo azzurro meridionale nell’immediato futuro dipende da quelle che vengono denominate «consultazioni popolari». La separazione tra Nord e Sud Sudan sarà completata entro il 9 luglio di quest’anno; una consultazione popolare dovrebbe avere luogo prima di quella data per determinare il destino dei Nuba. I termini di questa consultazione non sono molto chiari nel CPA: secondo l’interpretazione comune, ci saranno elezioni governative e parlamentari nel maggio o giugno 2011, e i leader eletti indicheranno la strada da percorrere in seguito. Se il nuovo governatore e la maggioranza dei parlamentari locali vengono dal ramo dello SPLM nei Monti Nuba, ci sarà la vaga possibilità che possano indire un referendum per chiedere ai Nuba se vogliono staccarsi con il Sud o restare nel Nord. Altrimenti, la partita è conclusa e i Nuba, in un prevedibile futuro, resteranno parte del Nord. E data la loro situazione di marginalizzazione, la possibilità di elezioni manipolate dal Nord è estremamente alta.
Si può solo sperare che la volontà di pace e riconciliazione prevalga anche nel Nord e che il regime di Khartoum, avendo imparato la lezione dal lungo conflitto nel Sud e nel Darfur, si impegni ad affrontare le questioni da lungo tempo irrisolte alla base della battaglia dei Nuba: per prima cosa, il riconoscimento della dignità dei Nuba e il loro diritto a godere di un certo grado di autonomia nell’amministrazione della loro area; in secondo luogo, la depredazione delle risorse naturali e la politica di arabizzazione e islamizzazione insieme al tentativo concreto di sradicare la cultura indigena Nuba.

Sudan: the Nuba Identity

The Nuba Question in South Sudan’s Imminent Independence

For the past few weeks, much attention has focused on the independence referendum in South Sudan, a historic vote that rounds off the Comprehensive peace agreement (CPA) signed in 2005 by Sudan’s central government and the Southern rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to end a protracted civil war that claimed over two million lives.
Preliminary results show that the South Sudanese have chosen to secede into a new country. Images of elated Southerners celebrating this imminent break from the bloody past are fast becoming a news staple, but one glaring aspect has remained missing from this coverage – the fate of the people of the Nuba Mountains, a region sandwiched between Sudan’s North and South, and which fought alongside the Southerners during the civil war.
The late SPLM Chairman, John Garang, visited the Nuba Mountains for the first time in December 2002. He met hundreds of delegates under the shade of a vast mango thicket in Kauda, a small town in the heart of the SPLA-liberated areas. The occasion of his visit was to attend the All Nuba Conference, a democratic political institution unique to the Nuba Mountains during the long civil war, in which representatives of all Nuba communities and the nomadic Arabic tribes used to meet and deliberate on issues related to the survival of the Nuba people. Yusuf Kuwa, the charismatic Nuba leader and high ranking SPLA commander, had convoked the All Nuba Conference for the first time in 1991, after the Khartoum regime had unleashed a merciless repression and a Jihad against the Nuba. Kuwa asked the Nuba people if they wanted to continue their rebellion or surrender. The overwhelming answer was for the continuation of the rebellion against Khartoum.
It was a decision with no return. Since then, the Nuba sided fully with the SPLA and bore years of forced resettlement, destruction, bombing, killings, never wavering in their determination to stand with the South.
Unfulfilled Promise
Before these delegates in Kauda, Garang promised that “the SPLA will not let you down. Whatever agreement we reach… we will include you.” It was a solemn promise to the Nuba that they would be considered in the peace agreement that was then being negotiated in Naivasha. Two days after Garang spoke, I wrote in my notebook the comment of Adam, an old Nuba friend who had stood firm in his homestead in Kauda: “Now we are sure. Garang has spoken. We will go with the South.”
It was not to be. The solemn promise was not kept. The Nuba – who had mandated the SPLA to guarantee that the principles of self-determination, fair distribution of power, wealth and especially land would be kept during the negotiations, and that their fate would be strongly linked to the fate of the South – were to be bitterly disappointed. When the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was finally signed in Nairobi, the Nuba discovered they had not even won the right to participate in the independence referendum.  In the CPA, the SPLA/M accepted the principle that the Nuba Mountains, officially a part of Southern Kordofan state, would remain a part of the North. The same fate was decided for the people of Southern Blue Nile, another contentious territory close to Sudan’s border with Ethiopia. The two territories shared in the suffering of the civil war years but are now excluded from sharing in the fruit of self-determination. It is only in Abyei, a small border area that did not shown any particular will to fight alongside the South during the civil war, that the people were granted the right to chose where they wanted to belong. The people of Abyei however have a distinct advantage: their area is rich in oil reserves.
The Nuba are the first people who are ethnically and culturally African that you encounter as you travel southwards from Khartoum. The geographical location of their homeland (with a desert to the North and swamps to the South) has always kept them isolated, and throughout the centuries their determination to stick to their ancestral culture and religion had been an obstacle to the spread of the Arab and Muslim culture to the area now known as South Sudan. Only at the beginning of last century were some inroads made. Yet, it was in the Nuba Mountains that, as early as 1965, a Nuba Anglican priest, Philip Ghabbush, formed the General Union of the Nuba Mountains (GUN) and started campaigning for political self-determination.
At the end of the 1980s, the Nuba leadership mantle was taken up by Yusuf Kuwa, a younger, charismatic man born into a Muslim family. After several failed attempts to achieve a political guarantee for the recognition of the Nuba rights – especially their right to the lands that were taken from the Nuba and allocated to companies and people from Khartoum to start “mechanized farms” – Kuwa joined the SPLM/A in the armed struggle and became the point of reference for all the Nuba.

A program to destroy the Nuba identity

A brutal government repression ensued in the Nuba Mountains. It went unnoticed and unchallenged for more than a decade, and with international attention focused on the conflict in southern Sudan, Khartoum sealed the region off from 1991 until 1995. From 1991, the Nuba, cut off even from the southern SPLA, fought alone without resupply, dependent solely on local support. Yet, with Kuwa’s leadership and in the  middle of a three-year famine, they established a working civilian administration and judicial system that incorporated traditional law. Kuwa stood firmly for religious tolerance and under his leadership the Nuba never experienced the inter-tribal fighting that plagued the SPLA in other parts of the South. These accomplishments did not always play in Kuwa’s favour however. Many Southern leaders were clearly annoyed by his raising popularity by the time he died in March 2001.
At its height, the civil war in the Nuba Mountains was not a mere fight to defeat the rebels who had taken the SPLA’s rebellion from the “African” South and into the “Arab” North. As it has been noted by Julie Flint, a British journalist who was the first outsider to visit the Nuba in 1995, “It was a programme of social engineering designed to resettle the entire population from insurgent areas into camps that would eliminate the Nuba identity. In the early 1990s, army and government paramilitary Popular Defence Forces (PDF) killed 60,000–70,000 Nuba in just seven months. Massive military offensives were dignified in the name of jihad. Humanitarian access was denied. Community leaders, educated people and intellectuals were detained and killed to ensure that the Nuba couldn’t speak for themselves.”
Thousands of Nuba youth travelled to the South, risking their lives, to fight in the SPLA forces. Their contribution to the long running struggle was not always fully recognized. Now, with the imminent proclamation of independence of the South, the Nuba will find themselves isolated inside North Sudan, under a government that just a few years ago meted out genocidal actions against them, and they may not be able to get any support from the South. “Once more,” – one disconsolate Nuba tells me – “we have been treated as an exchange commodity in the ongoing confrontation between Juba and Khartoum.” The prospect that President Omar al-Bashir of North Sudan could become even more religiously intolerant to the extent of applying Sharia law does not augur well for a democratic future and is flatly scary for the dozens of thousand of Nuba people who have since become Christians. Reports of the military movements are not positive either: very reliable sources say that the military presence in South Kordofan has risen from 15,000 to 45,000 heavily armed troops, most of them deployed along the line where the southernmost part of the Nuba Mountains –  and of the Northern state – borders with the South.

Uncertain future

Today, as the Nuba join their Southern brothers and sisters in celebrating the birth of a new nation, their fate is very unclear. A 2008 report by the International Crisis Group described the Nuba Mountains as the “next Darfur”, because of its marginalisation, political uncertainty and potential for conflict. What the CPA foresees for the Nuba and the Southern Blue Nile area in the immediate future depends on what are termed “popular consultations”. The separation between North and South Sudan will be completed on July 9 this year; there should be a popular consultation before this date to determine the fate of the Nuba. The terms of this consultation are not very clear in the CPA, the normal interpretation being that there will be a gubernatorial and parliamentary election in May or June 2011, with the elected leaders indicating the way forward. If the new governor and the majority of the local parliamentarians come from the SPLM branch in the Nuba Mountains, there is a vague chance that they could demand for a referendum to choose on whether to secede with the South or remain in the North. If not, the game is over and the Nuba will remain part of the North for the foreseeable future, and due to their marginalized situation, the possibility of election rigging by the North are extremely high.
One can only hope that the will for peace and reconciliation will also prevail in the North and that the Khartoum regime, having learned some lessons from the long confrontation in the South and in Darfur, will commit itself to addressing the longstanding issues that have always informed the Nuba struggle: firstly the recognition of the Nuba dignity and their right to have a degree of autonomy in the administration of their area, then the depredation of natural resources and the policy of Arabization and Islamization alongside the sustained efforts to eradicate the indigenous Nuba culture.

Il Cuore di Lusaka – The Heart of Lusaka

“Is this a city? Yes, there are houses, but there is not a central piazza, not a park where people can meet, not a theater, not a town hall worthy of the name”. My Mozambican friend, used to the mediterranean look of the Portuguese colonies town, is perhaps exaggerated in his criticism. Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, is not so bad. However, his observations have some truth.

Like many other African cities, Lusaka was founded to meet the needs of the pragmatic British colonizers, and was built around the railway line that was primarily used to export copper. The criteria that have guided the planning are basically the same of the South African apartheid: three roads parallel to the railway where there are hotels and shops, them a cluster of government offices, a posh residential area for British settlers, and, as you move away from the center, an Indian residential area, then a belt of African neighborhoods, further away the farms (owned by the settlers) to supply the city with provisions. The only concession to the imagination, or rather to the imperial dream of the founders, the name of the main street: Cairo Road. In 1931, when Lusaka was founded as the capital of Northern Rhodesia, you could start off by road from Cape Town and reach the Egyptian capital always driving in territory dominated by the British.

The total value of copper that from 1931 until 1964, the year of independence, rhe British have exported through the railway that crosses Lusaka makes your head spin if you try to calculate it. Obviusly without even a compensation for the locals, When the British loosened their grip and Zambia became formally independent, there was a period of great prosperity. Zambians were proudly saying that Lusaka was the fastest growing African city, and likened Cairo Road to Miracle Mile in Los Angeles, because it was lined with elegant shops were you could buy anything, including the latest technological gadgets of the time. Then the copper price collaped in 1973 and today, after years of economic and politica disaster, the resurgense in copper prices and the arrival of Chinese companies and capital, are restoring the splendor of Lusaka, and ultramodern shopping malls are springing up everywhere. Although the majority of people continue to live in destitution.

To understand a town designed for business you should go to the market. Among boxes of tomatoes and sweet peppers, bags of dried fish, beans and rice, bunches of bananas, piles of cabbage – a landscape that changes depending on the products of the season – you meet all the Lusaka that does not count to the eyes of the world: Men who bring here the produce of the small farms, the porters, women who ran kiosk to keep the family, housewives who come here every morning to look for cheaper products. Here you can also meet street children, moving in small fast moving groups, innocent and shrewd, ready to render a paid service as well as alert for any chance to steal food or money.

Today I meet Lavu, the eldest of a gang of teenagers. He shows me Ouma. “You see? He is only eight years old, his mother has taken up with another man who chased him. As of yesterday, he is with us. But why are people so bad?”. Question that would shake the wrists to a theologian. Ouma still has tear marks on his dirty face, and signs of beatings all over his body. “Lavu – I say – it is not true that all people are bad. You are “people”, and you have accepted Ouma. You can not be in the world without having to deal with injustice and violence, but we are here in this world to help each other with love, doing what is right. Love can overcome evil, and you are demonstrating this simple truth. I promise you I will help you to help Ouma. I want to imitate you, because you are doing what Jesus would do “.

They look at me, bewildered. Then they break into an happy smile. I promise that if they get sick or too hungry they can come to seek help at Mthunzi, where already dozens of former street children have found refuge, and they disappear again in a few seconds, swallowed up by the flood of people moving around us. Once more I am confirmed that these street children represent the heart of this town.

Una Nuova Corsa all’Africa, o l’Inseguimento alla Cina? – A New Scramble for Africa, or the Pursuit of China?

As the dragon awakes, Western Nations are running scared, given that more African countries are looking East. Will China become the main world economic power at the dawn of this new decade? Will its economy overtake that of the United States? Analysts believe this is a possibility.

What we begin to understand is that in Africa, the just concluded decade marked China’s advance while the ensuing one heralds its consolidation. Since 2000, China has made irreversible progress in Africa, winning the confidence of much of the ruling class, and becoming the largest donor and trading partner of many countries.

The presence of the Chinese in Africa is easily noticeable given their ubiquitous projects, mainly heavy investment in various sectors of the economy, including infrastructure, which is no longer a priority for other development partners. After the mistakes of the past the oversized stadiums and the ostentatious presidential palaces now the Chinese favour the construction of communication infrastructure, including major roads, railways, ports and airports. In addition to this, unlike their Western counterparts, the Chinese projects are completed efficiently and within a shorter time frame.

Besides, the Chinese aid does not come with strings attached. While it can be argued that the infrastructure is also useful for extraction, commercialization and acquisition of raw materials for the profit of Chinese companies, the ultimate beneficiaries are the locals, as these projects remain within the destination country.

In Nairobi, for instance, Chinese construction companies are changing the face of the city. One notable company is China Wu Yi Construction Company, currently involved in the expansion and modernization of the road to Thika, an industrial town located some 50 km north of the capital. Thika Road, as it is popularly known, catering for about 250,000 vehicles a day in transit, had become a nightmare for motorists.

The Chinese are upgrading it to a “super-highway” with four-lanes, plus two service lanes, in both directions, for a total of 12 lanes. The Kenyan government finances 15 per cent of the work, with the Chinese government funding the rest. People look bewildered at the awesome works – flyovers, underpasses, interchanges and nod in approval. Finally, after so many promises, real change has come and motorists and passengers alike have a reason to smile.

Elsewhere, there is already talk of a new industrial port at the Kenyan coastal town of Lamu, and the connection with oil fields in Southern Sudan, which will be voting in the next five days in a referendum to decide whether to secede or remain, united with the Arab North. The port of Lamu will be bigger than that of Mombasa and the work should begin by the middle of this year, and will be completed with a pipeline, a railway and a road linking it to the oilfields of Southern Sudan. This is, no doubt, a major undertaking of monumental economic proportions. But who will be awarded the tender? The Chinese are the most likely candidates.

Yet the Chinese have over the last decade laid the oil pipeline that goes from the same oilfields to the North, to Port Sudan, in the process earning them the epithet of being allies of the North against Southern Sudan. Despite this, there has been no doubt that the South Sudanese will accept without difficulty the Chinese involvement in a work of such magnitude.

The Chinese have no donor conditionality; do not ask embarrassing questions on human rights, or on laws for the protection of workers, or on the political regime. They do not ask to retain control of the infrastructure, and are only ready to do maintenance if paid, not to mention that they never raise environmental objections. Lamu, which is a jewel of Swahili culture in a dream lagoon where until recently the only car that exists is that of the police, with the rest people only moving on foot, by bicycle or donkey, could lose its identity and heritage owing to a port of such magnitude.

But to the Chinese, this is not their problem. If Kenya decides to implement the port project and pay for it, the Chinese are ready to build it in a record time.

The West has never wavered in its criticism of China’s growing influence, capitalizing on the fact that China does business without any consideration of the local situation regarding human rights, environment and politics.

While the Chinese have never denied this, the West has little political and moral authority to denounce the methods of others. Nobody can deny that the nearly fifty years of cooperation and aid to Africa by Western countries were, overall, an unmitigated disaster from all perspectives: economic, developmental, political and moral.

Where ten years ago, Europeans and Americans saw only problems, the Chinese have seen the opportunities. They bought land, mines and interests in oil concessions that were snubbed by Western companies that did not believe in their short term profitability. Today, those acquisitions have proved to be far-sighted, in a continent where Westerners are beginning to realize that there is not only hunger, war and misery, but where for some years the economic growth indicators are on the rise.

What Europeans see in Africa is still a bit clouded by their paternalistic and condescending view of old colonialists. The Americans are opening their eyes, if only because they see the control of the African oil reserves slipping. Recently, Michael Battle, U.S. ambassador to the African Union ( a position created by President George Bush in 2006), was quoted in the Mail & Guardian online, saying “If we don’t act now we will miss a golden opportunity in Africa, and wake up to find that China and India have divided up the continent without us”.

As the reporter Jason Hickel noted, Battle couldn’t have been blunter or more offensive to the Africans if he tried. Instead of relying on high principles of humanitarian intervention, cooperation and development, he made a speech centred around the need to defend and strengthen the U.S. military presence and support the expansion of American companies on the African continent. He spoke of the need to urge African governments to harmonize trade rules and simplify regulations.

Very concrete demands by a businessman wishing to remove the obstacles to his marketing strategy. After all, it is the same attitude the Chinese started applying ten years ago, and continued to do, without attracting attention, with steady determination. Today the Chinese presence in Africa and its success is so obvious that they themselves can no longer hide it, and all the others are in pursuit.

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